it is medical research, research on new energy sources. entrepreneurs come out of these kinds of advances where we see basic research funded by the government that we take for granted. if we keep cutting that and not being sure about it, even r&d tax credits. doing them retroactively benefits companies that we are doing it anyway or took a chance. we have to make it permanent. we have to say, this is something you can count on. we have to figure out how to do it. >> on entitlements, from a democratic side, in 1969, the federal government keeps track of the total share of spending that goes into investment in research and development, infrastructure, education, and training. 31.2% of the federal government was devoted to investment. 31.2% were payment to individuals. today, 50.6% of the government is investment and payment to individuals -- double what it was. from a democratic perspective, can you sustain the programs that democrats see as critical for investing in the next generation without finding ways in a graying society to control th